Pulp Mills and the Environment: an Annotated Bibliography for Nothern Alberta
Fish Toxicology
Alberta Environment Centre. Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Different Fractions of Athabasca Bitumen to Fish. Vegreville: Alberta Environment Centre, 1986. AECV86-R5. Fish toxicity to oil sand derivatives.
Alberta Environment Centre. Chemical Residues in Fish Tissues in Alberta. I. Wabamum Lake, Lake Newell, McGregor Lake, Beaver River, Battle River. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1983. AECV83-R1. Fourty-five pesticides and PCBs were examined in 190 fish.
Alberta Environment Centre. Chemical Residues in Fish Tissues in Alberta. II. Mercury in the North Saskatchewan River. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1983. AECV83-R2. Mercury was thought to come from former use of fungicides or fish migration from Saskatchewan. This study was used to determine the amount of fish that could be safely consumed.
Alberta Environment Centre. Chemical Residues in Fish Tissues in Alberta. III. Pesticides and PCBs in the North Saskatchewan River and the Red Deer River. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1983. AECV83-R4. Fourty-five compounds were tested for in 500 fish.
Alberta Environment Centre. Mercury in Fish from Six Rivers in Southern Alberta. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1984. AECV84-R2. For comparisons between southern and northern rivers.
Alberta Environment Centre. Methoxychlor and 2,2-Bis(P-Methoxyphenyl)-1,1-Dichloroethylene Residues in Fish in Alberta. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1984. AECV84-R1. Although these compounds were not detected in the Athabasca River where methoxychlor was used for killing black fly larvae, they were found in the North Saskatchewan River. Their presence there was hypothesized to come from black fly control efforts in Saskatchewan via fish migration.
Alberta Environment Centre. Partitioning of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the North Saskatchewan River. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environment Centre, 1984. AECV84-R3. Concentrations of PCBs were analyzed in intestinal fat of fish, muscle tissue of fish, fine sediments and water. PCBs were not considered a significant environmental risk.
Alberta Environment Centre. Toxicity and Environmental Chemistry of Wastewater from a Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill: Fish Toxicity Studies. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1987. AECV87-R4. A study on the effluent discharged into the Wapiti River by the Procter and Gamble Cellulose Ltd. kraft mill of Grande Prairie. The fish contained contaminants from the mill as well as pesticides such as DDT and DDE.
Alberta Environment Centre. Toxicity of Methoxychlor to Fish. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1988. AECV88-R5. Toxicity of this pesticide and its emulsifying agent were studied in rainbow trout and five native species of fish.
Alberta Environment Centre. Toxicity of Polyelectrolyte Flocculants to Rainbow Trout. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environment Centre, 1987. AECV87-R3. Fish toxicity to six flocculants in municipal water or coal-mine wastewater was studied.
Anderson, P.D., P. Spear, S. D'Apollonia, S. Perry, J. De Luca and J. Dick. The Multiple Toxicity of Vanadium, Nickel, and Phenol to Fish. Edmonton: Alberta Environment and Environment Canada, 1979. Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program Report 79, Project AF 3.6.1. Most toxicity studies look at the effects of a single chemical. This study showed synergistic effects of three toxic substances on rainbow trout.
Andersson, Tommy. Sublethal Physiological Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents on Fish: A Literature Review. Solna, Sweden: National Swedish Environmental Protection Board Report 3366, 1987. Reproduced by U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 22161. Abstracts of 76 papers published between 1973 and 1986. The papers relate the effects of pulp effluents on fish respiration, oxygen transport, metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Giles, M.A., J.F. Klaverkamp and S.G. Lawrence. The Acute Toxicity of Saline Groundwater and Vanadium to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Edmonton: Alberta Environment and Environment Canada, 1979. Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program Report AF 3.2.1. These studies were done because groundwater was to be pumped into the Athabasca River in connection with the oil sands mining and because the groundwater is saline and has considerable vanadium. The studies were done with rainbow trout, lake whitefish, four crustaceans, a chironomid and a mayfly.
Loch, J.S. and J.C. MacLeod. Fish Toxicity Survey of Four Prairie Province Pulp Mill Effluents. Ottawa: Canada Fisheries and Marine Service, 1973. Technical Report Series CEN/T-73-4. An old review.
Macdonald, G. and H.R. Hamilton. Model Calibration and Receiving Water Evaluation for Pulp Mill Developments on the Athabasca River: Dissolved Oxygen. Calgary: HydroQual Consultants, 1989. Prepared for Alberta Environment, Standards and Approvals Division.
McLeod, C. The Effects of Methoxychlor Exposure on Early Life Stages of the Native Fish in the Athabasca River. Edmonton: Alberta Environment, 1987. A very short term study, but gives an idea of the problems involved in fish bioassays. Some procedures on how to conduct fish toxicity studies.
Monenco Consultants Ltd. Chlorinated Organics, Water Quality and Fisheries Survey in The Peace, Smokey and Slave Rivers, Alberta and Northwest Territories. Volumes I and II. Calgary: Monenco Consultants Ltd., 1991. Prepared for Daishowa Canada Co. Ltd. An example of a larger study of chlorinated organics found in fish and sediments.
Monenco Consultants Ltd. Fish Tissue and Sediment Studies in the Vicinity of the Peace River Pulp Mill Company Mill at Peace River, Alberta. April, 1990. Calgary: Monenco Consultants Ltd., 1990. Prepared for Daishowa Canada Co. Ltd. An example of a short term study of some organic compounds found in pike and sediments.
Moore, J.W., S. Ramamoorthy and A. Sharma. Mercury Residues in Fish from Twenty-Four Lakes and Rivers in Alberta. Vegreville, Alberta: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1986. AECV86-R4. Sampling sites included the Athabasca, Beaver, Peace and Saskatchewan River systems. In the Athabasca River, nine species of fish were collected from five locations. Mercury concentrations averaged from 45 to 321 micrograms per kilogram [ug/Kg] (= .045 to .321 milligrams per kilogram [mg/Kg] or parts per million [ppm]) of fish.
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. Effects of Biologically Treated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent During Early Life Stage and Full Life Cycle Studies with Fish. New York: the Council, 1985. Also as the Council's Technical Bulletin 474.
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. Guidelines to Methods for the Analysis of the Effects of Effluent on the Flavor of Fish. New York: the Council, January 1987. Also as the Council's Technical Bulletin 513. Fish tainting is seen to be a problem for anglers.
Post, George. Textbook of Fish Health, revised and expanded addition. Neptune City, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications, 1987. An introduction to fish diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, malnutrition, toxic substances and organic wastes.
Science Outreach Athabasca - September 27, 2012
